RADIOGRAPHER ONLINE EXAM PRACTICE KIT 7
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According to NCRP Report #160, natural background radiation represents what percentage of human’s radiation exposure?
Of this 82% , must comes from radon gas.
According to NCRP Report #160, the greatest source of natural background radiation exposure is:
Radon gas is a part of human’s natural background exposure , which total 50% of human’s total exposure.
Cosmic radiation:
Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic fields help shield us from cosmic radiation, a source of approximately 30 mrem annually.
Radon gas:
Radon gas may be present in homes, particularly basements. Special kits should be used to determine its presence.
X rays and gamma rays used in diagnostic imaging are:
Artifical , or human – made ,radiation represents 48% of the total human exposure.
A personnel monitoring device that is accurate to 1 mrem is the:
The OSL dosimeter is extremely sensitive.The thermoluminiscent dosimeter is accurate as low as 5mrem, whereas the film badge is sensitive to 10 mrem.
The gratest source of human – produced radiation exposure is:
Diagnostic procedures account for approximately 3mSv per year
Which of the following is not apart of background radiation?
Microwave ovens do not emit ionizing radiation
Which of the following occurs at greater than 1.02 electron volts?
Pair production does not occur at diagnostic levels
Which of the following is also known as “coherent scattering?
This form of scatter has no effect on the image below 70kVp and does not cause ionization.It is negligible above 70kVp.
Which of the following photon tissue interactions does not occur in diagnostic radiography?
Pair production occurs above 1.02 million electron volts.
Which of the following is responsible for producing contrast on the radiograph?
Photoelectric interaction results in absorption of the incident, or incoming, x-ray photon.The difference between this interaction and the rays that pass through the body unaltered to strike the image receptor is what provides contrast .Compton scatter , with its resultant fog, certainly affects contrast . Compton scatter, with its resultant fog, certainly affects contrast , but it does not produce conrast itself
Which of the following produces scatter radiation that exits the patient and may fog the radiograph?
Compton scatter that is not absorbed by a grid may strike the image receptor and reduce contrast
Which of the following produces scatter as a result of orbital electrons
This is also known as classical or Thompson’s scattering.It has no effect on the image below 70kVp. It is negligible above 70kVp.
Which of the following results in total absorption of an incident x-ray photon?
This complete deposition of energy results in contrast being produced on the image
Which of the following is the only photon-tissue interaction that does not result in ionization?
No electrons are removed from the atom being struck
Which of the following involves interaction between an incident photon and an atomic nucleus?
Pair production occurs at megavoltage levels
Which of the following photon- tissue interactions primarily involves k-shell electrons?
Photoelectric effect occurs as incident photons deposit their energy in the K-shell.
Which of the following primarily involves loosely bound outer-shell electrons?
Compton interaction primarily involves outer shell electrons, wherein both the electron and the photon scatter , causing the atom to become ionized
Which of the following results in the production of a photoelectron that is ejected from the atom?
The inner shell electrons is ejected, becoming a photoelectron the atom become ionized.
Which of the following photon tissue interactions necessitates the use of a grid?
Because compton interaction causes the production of scatter, a grid is needed to attempt to absorb the scatter before it reaches the image receptor
Which of the following may result in occupational exposure for a radiographer?
Compton produces scatter, which during fluroscopy or mobile producers may expose the radiographer.Hence a lead apron is required when either done is performed.
What is the traditional unit of measurement that equals 100 ergs of energy deposited per gram of tissue?
Rad stands for radiation abdsorbed dose.In a case such as this , the keyword ” deposited” in the stems of the question will lead you to correct answer.
What is the traditional unit of measurement that is derived from multiplying rad by a radiation weioghting factor?
Rem is the unit of equivalent dose, which takes into account biological effects caused by different forms of radiation. The equation is Rem=Rad WR(radiation weighting factor).
Which of the following units would be used to describe the radiation present in a fluroscopic room?
Roentgen is the unit in – air exposure.
The amount of energy deposited by the radiation per unnit lenght of tissue being traversed by
Actually , choice B is a good choice as well,but A is more complete.Remember , LET stands for linear energy transfer.Choice C is incorrect because radiation weighting factor is used in the calculation of equivalent dose, not absorbed dose. Keep in mind that the certification exam will require you to choose the one best answer.
The agency that enforces radiation protection standards relating to radioactive material at the federal level is the:
NCRP reports are the standards on which radiation protection partices are based
Effective dose limit is defined as the upper boundary dose that:
Choice A is not as complete. Choice B and C are incorrect because they imply that there is no risk of damage to the individual.
ALARA is an acronym for:
ALARA stands for as low as reasonably achievable
What are graphs called that show the relationship between dose of radiation received and incidence of effects?
The effects mentioned in choices A and B are graphically demonstrated on dose-response curves. H&D curves demonstrate the relationship between exposure and density on a sheet of film.
What agency publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research?
NCRP reports are the standards on which radiation protection practices are based
Which of the following is basis for all radiation protection standards?
It is assumed that for every dose of radiation there is some response in the organism.This does not mean there is damage, just a response.
Which of the following means that there is no safe level of radiation, and the response to the radiation is not directly proportional to the dose received?
Which of the following means that there is no safe level of radiationfor certain effects,and those effects are directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?
The presence of threshold means that exposuresbelow that level will not cause a response resulting in certain conditions. For example certain doses will not cause cataracts. Those doses are below the threshold dose.
Which of the following means that there is no safe level of radiation, and the response to the radiation is directly proportional to the dose received?
This forms the basis for all radiation protection standards
Which of the following means that there is safe level of radiation, and those effects are not directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded?
Effects of radiation that occur randomly , with the probablity of such effects being proportional to the dose received , are called:
Increased dose equals increased probability of effects, although it doesnot increase severity of effects.
Effects of radiation that become more severe at higher levels of exposure once the threshold dose is exceeded are called:
Deterministic effects have threshold does below which the effects do not occur
What is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit per month?
The total equivalent limit for gestation is 0.5 rem.
Occupational cumulative exposure = age in years * what dose?
For example , a 29 year old radiographer could have a cumulative exposure of 29 rem
The annual occupational effective dose limit for stochastic effects is:
This is the dose to remember when you are asked about radiographers annual exposure limit
What is the annual effective dose limit for radiography students younger than age 18?
Students age 18 years and older are measured using the annual limit of 5 rem or 5000 rem.
What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public ,assuming infrequent exposure?
This is 500 mrem, one tenth occupational limit
What is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit for gestation?
This the same as the annual general public dose for infrequent exposure
What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public ,assuming frequent exposure?
This is 100 mrem.The dose for the general public for infrequent exposure is 500mrem
What is the annual effective dose limit for the general public for the lens of the eye?
Be sure to master all of the effective dose limits for occupational exposure of the general public.
The Wr used in calculating rem takes into account which of the following?
The radiation weighting factors takes into account the source of exposure, which may be wave or particulate and the actual amount of energy deposited per unit length of tissue
LET and biological damage are:
The amount of energy deposited in tissues is directly responsible for any biologic damage that may occur.
The ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biologic response in an organism is called:
Relative biologic effectiveness
The phases of cellular life cycle , in order are:
Remember that the cellular lifecycle always begins with interphase..D is the correct answer because the 3 steps in interphase are listed in the proper order. This makes choice D as a better answer than choice B.
The process of celldivision of germs cells is called as:
Choice A defines cell division for somatic cells only
Which of the following occurs when radiation transfers its energy to DNA
The DNA in the cell’s nucleus has been directly struck by the photons
Which of the following states that each cell has a master molecule that direct all cellular activities and that, if inactivated , results in cellular death?
The master molecule is the DNA in the cell’s nucleus.
Which of the following describes the amount of radiation required to increase the number of mutations ina population by a factor of 2?
The doubling dose in human ranges from 50 to 250 rads
What occurs when radiation transfers its energy to the cellular cytoplasm?
The energy is deposited in the cytoplasm , causing radiolysis to occur, which poisons the cell. This indirectly causes the damage to the cells nucleus.
Which of the following includes radiolysis?
Radiolysis causes the production of hydrogen peroxide in the cytoplasm , a poison to the cell.
What is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation?
Most radiation- induced mutations are recessive.
Which of the following is responsible for producing free radicals?
Free radicals are produced as a result of radiolysis.
What occurs when the master molecule is struck by radiation?
The master molecule is DNA,located in the cellular nucleus.
Which of the following poisons the cell with H2 O2?
This is a result of radiolysis.
Most of the damage to a cell occurs as a result of:
Because the cellular cytoplasm is so much larger than a cell’s nucleus, it is more likely to be struck by an incoming x-ray photon. Therefore,statistically speaking, more damage will occur to cells because of indirect effect than from the less probable occurence of direct effect.
The law states that cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are nonspecialized and rapidly dividing is the:
This law describes cell radiosensitivity.
Cell radiosensitivity described by the:
Law of Bergonic and Tribondeau states that cells are most radiosensitive when they are immature,undifferentiated, and rapidly dividing.
Cells are more radiosensitive when:
This is known as oxygen enchancement ratio(OER).
Blood count can be depressed with a whole body dose of:
The most radiosensitive cells in the body are:
The least radiosensitive cells are nerve and muscle cells
Cells are least sensitive to radiation exposure include:
Epithelial cells are very radiosensitive
Compared with younger and older women , ova in women of reproductive age are:
Ova are more radiosensitive in young girls and after middle age.
Most somatic effects occur
It is important to remember that most somatic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation do not occur at doses used during diagnostic procedures, unless repeated procedures are performed at high dose levels.It is always important to practice ALARA.
Somatic effects manifest in:
Genetic effects may occur in the next generation as mutatuions.
Which of the following is considered a late somatic effect?
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease have not been linked to radiation exposure
Which of the following is used to limit the area of the patient being irradiated?
Gonadal shields may reduce to female gonads by up to:
Gonadal shields may reduce exposure to males by up to 95%.
Which of the following sets of exposure factors would result in the lowest dose to the patient?
Use of low-As,high kVp techniques always result in alower patient dose.In this case it is coupled with 400 speed system.
Which of the following is used as part of an effort to observe the ALARA concept?
The other choices all result in increased dose to the patient
The cardinal rule of radiation protection
These are the 3 basic methods for providing optimal radiation protection
Which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurement?
TLDs and film badges are used for personnel measurement, whereas a Geiger – Mueller detector is used to detect the location of a specific source of radiation such as a radio- nuclide.
Which of the following is accurate as low as 10 mrem?
The TLD is accurate down to 5 mrem.The hand held ionization chamber and geiger -Muller Detector do not read in mrem.
Which of the following includes filters for measurement of radiation energy?
Metal and plastic filters are incoperated into the film badge
Which of the following may be used to measure in- air exposures in a fluroscopic room?
This is the monitor of choice to be used when surveying radiation dose in a fluroscopic installation. The TLD and film badge are used for personal monitoring,and the Geiger -Muller detector surveys for radioactive particles.
What detection device sounds an alarm to indicate the presence of radioactivity?
Which of the following is accurate as low as 5 mrem?
The film badge is accurate as low as 10 mrem.
Which of the following is a digital monitor that may be used to measure dos ina an area?
The TLD and film badge are not fdigital are not digital and are used to measure personal dose.
Which of the following may be used for 3 months at at a time?
The optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter may also be used upto 6 months.
Which of the following is sensitive to extremes in environment?
The Film badge is sensitive to extremes in temperature and humidity.It is being phased out of use.
For any given examination, the mean marrow dose can be calculated, which of the following used to represent mean marrow dose?
MMD stands for mean marrow dose.
The radiation dose that would cause the same genetic injury to the population as the sum of doses received by the individuals actually being rxposed is called:
GSD stands for Genetically Significant Dose
The timer used in fluroscopy is
Choice A is incorrect because the timer must sound an alarm after 300 seconds.Choice B is incorrect because the purpose of the alarm is to sound an alert .Choice C is incorrect because the alarm sound after 5 minutes.
The most effective protection against radiation exposure for the radiographer is
This is one of the 3 cardinal principles of radiation protection,the others are time and shielding.
If the dose of scatter radiation in fluroscopy to the radiographer is 10 mR at a distance 2 feet from the table,where should the radiographer stand to reduce the dose to2.5mR?
This problem is different from many you have been asked,you are being given the new dose and asked to figure out what the new distance should be.You should not use an equation or calcualator to solve the problem.The question wants you to reduce the dose to 1/4 the amount you receive at a distance of 2 feet. Keeping in mind the inverse square law,you may recall that doubling distance causes the dose to drop 1/4.therefore the correct answer would be to step back to distance of 4 feet from the table. Choice A implies to quadruple your distance from the table to reduce the dose to 1/4. Choice D would result a decrease in dose because of shielding but not specific reduction in dose mentioned in the problem
Lead aprons used in fluroscopy must be at least:
This thickness is the minimum that must be worn.0.5mm lead equivalent would be worn.This is tricky and used here to make the pointthat careful reading of the question is very important.
Which of the following is true concerning holding of patients for radiographic examinations?
Choice A is incorrect because holding patients should never be routine. Choice B is incorrect because a radiographer should be the last choice to hold the patient. Choice D is incorrect because routine using student radiographers is unacceptable practice.
The factors that must be considered in the design of structural shielding for a radiology room or department include
The lowest intensity of scatter radiation from the patient is located:
Hence this is the best place to stand whenever possible,when necessary.
A film badge reading of M means
Film badges are sensitive to reading as low as 10 mrem.
A reading of 200 mR with a handheld ionization chamber means:
Handheld ionization chamber are digital,so the dose indicated is accurate. Choice C is incorrect because it indicates millirads
Which of the following is the most accurate personel monitoring device?
The OSL dosimeter is sensitive as low as 1 mrem.The TLD is sensitive as low as 5 mrem.Film badge is sensitive as low as 10 mrem.
Minimum source – to- skin distance for mobile radiography must be:
Positive beam limitation is also known as:
It is also known by abbreviation of PBL.
Added filtration should be adjusted by the radiographer:
Choice A, B and C are all reasons filtration is used.however filtration should never be adjusted by the radiographer. A qualified radiationphysicist should be the only person adjusting x-ray beam filtration
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