Explanation:

Seborrhoeic dermatitis primarily affects the scalp and intertriginous areas. It is most common in the first 6 weeks of life, but can occur in children up to 12 months of age. Involvement of the scalp is frequently termed “cradle cap”, and manifests as greasy, yellow plaques on the scalp. Other commonly affected areas include the forehead and eyebrows (as in the photo), nasolabial folds, and external ears. Involvement of skin creases, such as the nappy areas, can lead to secondary Candidal infection and maceration. The etiology is unknown. Treatment includes the use of a mild tar shampoo, oatmeal baths, and avoidance of soaps. Occasionally, a mild topical steroid may be indicated.

Explanation:

Mammography is not useful in women under the age of 35 with current techniques because the breast tissue is too dense to allow accurate interpretation of the x-rays. The general flow of diagnoses of a breast mass is to first do a needle aspiration, and then if necessary proceed to a biopsy. Mastectomy will be nearly the final step if the mass is proved to be malignant.

Explanation:

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery birth, resulting in a left-to-right shunt. Symptoms may include failure to thrive, poor feeding, tachycardia, and tachypnea. A continuous machine-like murmur in the upper left sternal border is common.
Diagnosis is by echocardiography. Administration of indomethacin with or without fluid restriction may be tried in premature infants with a significant shunt but not in term infants with PDA. If the connection persists, surgical or catheter-based correction is indicated. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended before and for 6 to 12 months after correction.

Explanation:

Intussusception is telescoping of one portion of the intestine (intussusception) into an adjacent segment (Intussusception), causing intestinal ischemia. Intussusception generally occurs between ages 3 months and 3 years, with 65% of cases occurring before age 1. It is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in this age group, in whom it is usually idiopathic. In older children, there may be a “lead point.” i.e., a mass or other intestinal abnormality that triggers the telescoping; examples include polyps, lymphoma, Meckel´s diverticulum, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Cystic fibrosis is also a risk factor. The telescoping segments obstruct the intestine and ultimately impair blood flow, causing ischemia, gangrene, and perforation. The initial symptoms are recurrent colicky abdominal pain that occurs every 15 to 20 min, often with vomiting. The child appears relatively well between episodes. Later, as intestinal ischemia develops, pain become steady, the child becomes lethargic, and mucosal hemorrhage causes heme-positive stool on rectal examination and sometimes spontaneous passage of a “currant jelly” (blood mixed with mucus) stool. A palpable abdominal mass, described as sausage-shaped, is sometimes present not seen in volvulus which occurs in adults.

Explanation:

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one or more openings in the interventricular septum, producing a shunt between ventricles. Large defects result in a significant left-to-right shunt and produce dyspnea with feeding and poor growth. A loud, harsh, Holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border is common. VSD is the 2nd most common congenital heart anomaly after bicuspid aortic valve. Recurrent respiratory infections and heart failure may develop. Diagnosis is by echocardiography. Defects may close spontaneously during infancy or require surgical repair. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended.

Explanation:

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a vasculitis affecting primary small vessels that occurs most often in children. Common manifestations include palpable purpura, arthralgias, GI symptom and signs, and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis is clinical. Disease is usually self-limited. Corticosteroids can relieve arthralgias and GI symptoms but do not alter the course of the disease.
The disease begins with a sudden palpable purpuric rash that typically involves the extensor surfaces of the feet, legs, and arms and a strip across the buttocks. The purpura may start as small areas of urticaria that become indurated and palpable. Crop of new lesions may appear over days to several weeks. Many patients also have fever and polyarthralgia with associated periarticular tenderness and swelling of the ankle, knees, hip, wrists, and elbows.

Explanation:

In infants younger than 2 months of age who have fever, doctors may order blood and urine tests and perform a spinal tap to look for occult bacteremia, urinary tract infection, and meningitis. The reason for these tests is that in infants, the source of fever is difficult to determine. They are also of their immature immune system. Doctors may also order an X-ray if the infant´s breathing is abnormal. For infants older than 2 months of age, testing may not be needed, but many doctors order blood and urine tests and perform a spinal tap if the source of the fever is not obvious and the child appears ill.

Explanation:

Rotavirus is the most common agent responsible for infantile diarrhea throughout the world in contrast to Vibrio. In tropical climates, rotavirus is the etiologic agent in 15%-50% of cases of acute diarrhea in children, and in temperate climates it accounts for 35%-60% of cases. Cytomegaolvirus has been shown to infect the colon on occasion. Bacterial pathogens account for 10%-15% of cases of acute childhood diarrhea: the most commonly identified bacterial pathogens in North American children are Campylobacter jejuni and various strains of salmonella and Shigella species. Some strains of Escherichia coli are pathogenic, causing sporadic cases of acute enteritis, epidemic diarrhea, and traveler´s diarrhea.

Explanation:

In girls, the first event is thelarche, the development of breasts, followed by pubarche, the development of axillary and pubic hair, and then by menarche, the first menstrual period.

The five stages of puberty in girls is as follows:

1 Age Range: Usually 8-11
In Stage 1 there are no outside signs of development, but 4 girl´s ovaries are enlarging and hormone production is beginning.

2 Age Range: Usually 8-14. Average: 11-12
The first sign is typically the beginning of breast growth, including “breast buds.” A girl may also grow considerable height and weight. The first signs of pubic hair start out fine and straight, rather than curly.

3 Age Range: Usually 9-I5. Average: 12-13
Breast growth continues, and pubic hair coarsens and becomes darker, but there still isn´t a lot of it. The body is still growing, and the vagina is enlarging and may begin to produce a clear or whitish discharge, which is a normal self-cleansing process. Some girls get n their first menstrual periods late in this stage.

4 Age Range: Usually 10-16. Average: 13-14
Pubic hair growth takes on the triangular shape of adulthood, but doesn´t quite cover the entire area. Underarm hair is likely to appear in this stage, as is menarche. Ovulation (release of egg cells) begins in some girls, but typically not in a regular monthly routine until Stage 5.

5 Age Range: Usually 12-19. Average: 15
This is the final stage of development, when a girl is physically an adult. Breast and pubic hair growth are complete, and your full height is usually attained by this point. Menstrual periods are well established, and ovulation occurs monthly.

Explanation:

Neonatal seizures are abnormal electrical discharges in the CNS of neonates usually manifesting as stereotyped muscular activity or autonomic changes. Diagnosis is confirmed by EEG; testing for causative conditions is indicated.
The abnormal CNS electrical discharge may be caused by a primary intracranial process (e.g., meningitis, ischemic stroke, encephalitis intracranial hemorrhage, tumor) or may be secondary to a systemic problem (eg, hypoxia-ischemia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia).
Hypoglycemia is common among neonates whose mothers have diabetes, who are small for gestational age, or who have hypoxia-ischemia or other stresses. Seizures due to hypoglycemia tend to be focal and variable. Prolonged or recurrent hypoglycemia may permanently infect the CNS. For low plasma glucose, 10% dextrose 2 mL/kg IV is given, and plasma glucose level is monitored additional infusions are given as needed.