Each kidney is composed of more than a million complete urinary functional units called

Which of the following is not one of the 4 main functions of the kidney?

The process performed by the glomerulus as a part of urine formation is called

An increased cystatin C corresponds to a descreased creatinine clearance and to impaired kidney function.

During urine formation which of the following substances is generally not allowed to filter through the glomerular capillaries?

Which of the following substances makes up the majority of total urinary dissolved organic solids?

Which of the following is true of the estimated glomerular filtration rate test/calculation (eGFR?

The total renal blood flow is approximately:

In which part of the kidney does concentration of urine mostly take place?

During the flow of filtrate through the tubules, which of the following substances is not absorbed in significant amounts?

Which of the answers below represents the direction of the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Which of the following is NOT an organic substance found in the urine?

The average amount of urine passed by a normal adult in 24 hours is approximately:

The principle site of urea formation is the:

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is responsible for all of the following except:

Production of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the:

The first morning specimen of urine is requested often because the:

The primary chemical constituents of urine are water,

The solid, undissolved particles in the urine are preserved:

A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Upon standing, normal urine becomes alkaline chiefly due to:

Which of the following will be LEAST affected in an unpreserved specimen left at room temperature overnight?

The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is:

Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:

Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activites should be performed on a:

Will ketones be increased or decreased as a reault of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will glucose be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will pH be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will nitrite be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will turbidity be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will urobilinogen be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will bilirubin be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

Will cells be increased or decreased as a result of prolonged sitting of a urine sample at room temperature?

The specific gravity of the urine is determined by its composition. One percent concentration of urinary protein would increase the specific gravity by what figure?

The normal color of the urine is mostly due to what pigment?

A pale colored urine usually indicates that:

A urine that is yellowish-brown and, on shaking, produces yellow foam MOST likely contains:

The most probably cause of a white precipitate that is macroscopically visible in urine is:

Crenated RBCs would MOST likely be found in a urine with a specific gravity of

Specimens that contain intact RBCs cal be visually distinguished from those that contain hemoglobin because

An ADH deficiency is associated with urine with a:

The refractive index compares:

The specific gravity of the urine is the result of the dissolved substances that are present

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the continuous excretion of dilute urine.

Dilute urine is usually dark yellow.

In diabetes insipidus the specific gravity of urine is approximately 1.001 – 1.005

The NORMAL relationship of urine volume and specific gravity is inverse

A refractormeter reads 1.003 with distilled water. The techologist should:

Orthostatic proteinuria is most frequently ovserved in a specimen obtained

Bence Jones protein differs from other urinary protein by its

Bence Jones proteinuria occurs in

The protein section of the multistix reagent strip is most sensitive to

To detect the presence of early renal disease, diabetic patients are tested for

Which urine chemical test is the best single indicator of glomerular damage?

A urine specimen with a pH of 9.0 indicates that the patient should be:

A urine with a high pH contains a

When testing urine with dipstick methods, the glucose result is normally negative because glucose

Glycosuria is most frequently observed in a specimen obtained

Pediatric urine specimens are additionally tested for the presence of

Which of the following could explain how the same specimen could give a negative clinitest result and a positive reagent strip result

Which of the following could explain how the same specimen could give a positive clinitest result and a negative reagent strip result.

Ketone bodies occur when there is

Reagent strip reactions for ketones react primarily with

A spotted reaction on the reagent strip reaction for blood indicates:

Which of the following is not true about the icotest?

With biliary duct obstruction, it is common for reagent strip tests to show:

Reagent strip results associated with hemolytic disease would correspond with which of the following?

Ehrlich’s aldehyde reagent is used in the determination of which of the following:

Ehrlich’s reagent is:

All of the following will produce a positive Leukocyte Esterase reaction EXCEPT:

Leaving a Multistix test strip in contact with urine too long may:

Multistix may become unreliable if they are

A positive nitrite test suggests the presence of a minimum of

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with stored urine sediment?

Which of the following is the most common chemical constituent found in renal or bladder stones?

The recommended centrifugation for preparing the urine sediment is:

Crenation of red cells in the urine denotes that the urine is:

Casts are precipitates of protein formed mostly in the:

If sediment of RBCs obscures the remaining sediment in urine, the precipitate should be removed by adding:

Are uric acid crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

Are phosphate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

Are carbonate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

Are urates found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

Are ammonium biurate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

Are calcium oxalate crystals found more commonly in acid or alkaline urine?

What is the best way to identify formed elements in urine sediment as being yeast?

How are fibers distinguished from casts in a microscopic exam of a urine sediment?

Cylindroids are urinary structures that resemble:

Macroscopically, amorphous phosphates are usually the following color:

All of the following are reported as the quantity per high power field except:

Substances found in the urinary sediment that are more easily identified using polarized light are:

To increase the probability of detecting urine sediment constituents that have a low refractive index, clinical laboratories often use:

Dilute alkaline urine should be examined carefully for the presence of:

Differentiation among RBCs, yeast, and oil droplets may be accomplished by all of the following EXCEPT:

Urine sediments containing increased WBCs should be ovserved closely for the presence of:

The location of epithelial cells in the urinary tract in descending order is:

The organisms attached to a clue cell are:

Which of the following cells found in increased numbers in the urine sediment is only indicative of kidney damage?

The primary factor that favors the formation of casts is:

Which of the following elements would most likely be found in an acidic concentrated urine that contains protein?