Explanation:

In 1980 Small pox was eradicated from the world

Explanation:

Frozen DPT vaccine should be discarded

Explanation:

Mixed viruses are also called as “polyvalent vaccines” It means that they are developed from two strains of same species.

Explanation:

OPV is the most heat sensitive vaccine ans have temperature sensitive label called as vaccine vial monitor (VVM). since this vaccine is heat sensitive it is stored in freezer compartment.

Explanation:

In walk in cold room vaccines can be stored up to 3 months

Explanation:

Normal saline 1 ml is used to Dilute BCG vaccine . It is available along with the vaccine

Explanation:

Measles and polio vaccines are very sensitive and maintain their potency at 2-8 degree celsius . Hence it is stored in deep freezer

Explanation:

Aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide both are used as adjuvant in vaccine .

Explanation:

MMR is a live vaccine , If it is given during pregnancy it affect the fetus.So it is contraindicated during pregnancy

Explanation:

Measles is a live viral vaccine Measles mumps rubella vaccine MMR vaccine is a live attenuated viral vaccine used to induce immunity against measles,mumps and rubella.

Explanation:

clostridium Tetani produces exotoxins these are the toxoids that are secreted from the bacterial cells Whereas, endotoxin present within the cell.

Explanation:

Rabies is caused by RNA virus is called Lyssavirus type 1, It belongs to family rhabdoviridae-serotype 1.

Explanation:

Spores serves as a resting stage in life cycle of bacteria during unfavorable environmental conditions

Explanation:

Leprosy has very negative image among Indians , It is one of the oldest known diseases in human history , people considered it occurred due to past sins and people suffered from it were called “lepers”and were isolated from the families,societies and communities

Explanation:

National vector borne disease control program is implemented for prevention and control of vectors borne diseases like malaria, filariasis,japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, Dengue and chickengunya

Explanation:

Vitamin K is one of the clotting factor that helps in clotting the blood. Newborns at birth are unable to produce adequate amount of Vitamin K because baby’s bowel is ‘sterile’ when inside the uterus (meaning no bacteria) and does not start producing vitamin K until after they are born. Most of the Vitamin K needed by the baby is obtained through a slow buildup of their gut bacteria in the weeks, or months, after the birth.

Explanation:

Warm chain is a set of 10 interlinked procedures carried at birth and later to prevent hypothermia among newborns, it includes

Warm delivery room (> 25°C)

Warm resuscitation

Immediate drying

Skin-to-skin contact between baby and the mother

Breastfeeding

Bathing and weighing postponed Appropriate clothing and bedding

Mother and baby together

Warm transportation

Training/awareness of healthcare providers

Explanation:

Apgar Scoring system is used to assess the depression of cardiopulmonary and neurologic functions. It considers signs such as color, heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone and reflexes.

Explanation:

Apgar scoring is done by summing of scores obtained under all 5 parameters. minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 10

Explanation:

Normal newborn gets 2 arteries and I vein abnormality in umbilical artery can be detected during early pregnancy, it is an indication for chromosomal abnormalities .congenital anomalies and potential complication during pregnancy

Explanation:

Bleeding more than 500 ml of blood from vagina after delivery is called Post-partum hemorrhage (PPH). If hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours of delivery it is called primary PPH. Secondary is defined as excessive vaginal bleeding from 24 h after delivery up to 6 weeks postpartum.

Explanation:

Post-partum hemorrhage is caused by atonic uterus  retained blood clots or placental products, delay in third stage of labor.In such cases, administering 10 IU of oxytocin, giving bimanual compression or using controlled cord traction can help prevent PPH

Explanation:

The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.

Explanation:

Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy. TB is an infectious disease. Transmission occurs when small aerosols containing acid- fast bacilli (AFB) become airborne and are inhaled..

Explanation:

Alpha fetoprotein is a type of protein produced from fetal yolk sac and then later in liver and gastroimtenstical sac.it is found in both fetal serum and also in amniotic fluid.if its level is above normal it indicates that developing baby has neural tube defect.

Explanation:

SAFE strategy means S- surgery A- antibiotics F-facial Explanation: Areas are categorized under API to control the cleanliness E- environmental improvements. The SAFE strategy is an malaria cases. API if is more than 2 indicates that cases of malaria innovative public health approach designed to treat and prevent 14 more and needs more attention, while area with API less than trachoma. Endorsed by the World Health Organization

Explanation:

Milk is rich in all except Iron. Mature human milk contains 3%- 5% fat, 0.8% – 0.9% protein, 6.9%– 7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. Its energy content is 60 – 75 kcal/100 ml. Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Iron is deficient in human milk.

Explanation:

Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy. TB is an infectious disease. Transmission occurs when small aerosols containing acid- fast bacilli (AFB) become airborne and are inhaled..

Explanation:

Leprosy gets its name from Latin word leprae means ‘Scaly’, it’s also called as Hansen’s disease, named after a Norway physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen who discovered that leprosy was not hereditary but by microorganism.

Explanation:

Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn’t close completely. Taking a prenatal vitamin with the recommended 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent NTD

Explanation:

Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variora virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the world’s most devastating diseases known to humanity. It was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign led by the World Health Organization. The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. Since then, the only known cases were caused by a laboratory accident in 1978 in Birmingham, England, which killed one person and caused a limited outbreak.

Explanation:

Kyasanur forest disease is transmitted mainly from the hard ticks particularly by H. spinigera and H. turtura.

Explanation:

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) I colorless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odorless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties and environmental impacts. DDT has been formulated in multiple forms, including; solutions to xylene or petroleum distillates, emulsifiable concentrates water wettable powders granules, aerosols, smoke candles  and charged for vaporizers and lotions. Because of the high efficiency HI 0111 contact poison against several arthropods.

Explanation:

Mercury is highly poisonous and mercury containing products are properly and safely recycled or disposed of is one  step that can be taken to protect environment and human health. Mercury is a virulent poison. Short-term or long-term or long term exposures to mercury can lead to serious health problems, including death. Human exposure to mercury occurs primarily from breathing contaminated air. Mercury is also readily absorbed through this  gastrointestinal tract and through the skin.

Explanation:

Baby friendly hospital initiative is a global movement, developed Jointly by WHO and UNICEF in the year 1990, later it was launched by WHO in 1991. India adopted the same initiative in the year 1993 with an objective to reduce infant mortality and morbidity due to improper breast feeding techniques.

Explanation:

Rooming in is a step taken under baby friendly hospital initiative, in which mother and infant are kept together for 24 hours. This increases neuromotor development, prevents hypothermia and infection.This arrangement gives an opportunity for the mother and father to know their baby. The bond between the parent and the child is well established in roomed-in babies.

Explanation:

Exclusive breast feeding helps mother in preventing breast cancer. Breast feeding acts as a natural contraceptive, prevents conception and it helps in quick involution of uterus and reduces post-partum bleeding. Cervical cancer is not related with breast feeding.

Explanation:

As the baby sucks nerve ending in the nipple stimulates anterior pituitary gland resulting in release of prolactin hormone which stimulates alveolar cells to produce milk. Thus, more the baby sucks more milk will be produced

Explanation:

Very low birth weight are very fragile and needs intensive neonatal care in hospital.

Explanation:

Vitamin K is one of the clotting factor that in clotting the blood. Newborns at birth are unable to produce adequate amount of Vitamin K because baby’s bowel is ‘ sterile’when inside the uterus (meaning no bacteria) and does not start producing vitamin K until after they are born. Most of the Vitamin K  needed by the baby is obtained through a slow buildup of their gut bacteria in the weeks, or months, after the birth.

Explanation:

Apgar Scoring system is used to assess the depression of cardiopulmonary and neurologic functions. It considers signs such as color, heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone and reflexes.

Explanation:

Bleeding more than 500 ml of blood from vagina after delivery is called post partum hemorrhage (PPH). If hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours of delivery is called primary PPH. Secondary is defined as excessive vaginal bleeding from 24 hr after delivery up to 6 weeks post partum

Explanation:

Postpartum hemorrhage is caused by atonic uterus, Retained blood clots or placental products, delay in third stage of labor. In such cases, administering 10 IU of oxytocin, giving bimanual Compression or using controlled cord traction can help prevent PPH.

Explanation:

National malaria control program was launched in 1953, but after spectacular results in 5 year period, the program was renamed as malaria eradication program in the year1958. But there was resurgence of malarial cases in the early 1970. in 1999 the whole program was renamed as National Anti-malaria program. Recently in 2002, the program is renamed has National vector borne disease control program.

Explanation:

The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.

Explanation:

Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis by sputum microscopy. TB is an infectious disease. Transmission occurs when small aerosols containing acid- fast bacilli (AFB) become airborne and are inhaled..

Explanation:

Milk is rich in all except Iron. Mature human milk contains 3% – 5% fat, 0.8% – 0.9% protein, 6.9%– 7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. Its energy content is 60 – 75 kcal/100 ml. Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Iron is deficient in human milk.

Explanation:

SAFE strategy means S- surgery A- antibiotics F-facial cleanliness E- environmental improvements. The SAFE strategy is an innovative public health approach designed to treat and prevent trachoma. Endorsed by the World Health Organization

Explanation:

Launched in haryana. Beti bachavo beti padavo (BBBP) Yojana( Save daughter , Educate daughter) to save and empower the girl child is making waves all over the nation

Explanation:

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) is a safe motherhood intervention under the national rural health mission (NHM). It is being implemented with the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality by promoting institutional delivery among poor pregnant women.

Explanation:

A 30 bedded Hospital / Referral unit for 4 PHC s with specialised services

Explanation:

Universal precuation is applies to blood ,semen,vaginal secretion , amniotic,cerebrospinal,peritoneal,pleural and synovial fluid and to other body fluid contaminated blood. this is given by center for disease control and prevention (CDC)

Explanation:

All the above components are used for preventing spread of HIV

Explanation:

Poor lighting in working area causes eyestrain and on chronic exposure person develops shaking of eyeballs which called miner’s nystagmus

Explanation:

Arc welders getsb exposure to ultraviolet radiation which mainly affects eyes causing conjunctivitis and keratitis

Explanation:

Solid dust particles produced during grinding, crushing are suspended in the air. dust particle larger than 10 microns settles down easily , but dust particle 5 microns and below can be easily inhaled directly into lungs.

Explanation:

Psittacosis is caused by bacteria called as chlamydophila psittaci found in the dropping of bird and on the other hand pneumoconiosis is a group of lung diseases that are caused by inhalation of dust particles with size ranging from 0.5-3 microns.

Explanation:

Inhalation of coal dust particles causes anthracosis. Inhalation of sugarcane dust causes baggosis, cotton dust causes Byssinosis, sillicon dust causes silicosis.

Explanation:

Inhalation of sugar cane dust leads to bagassosis

Explanation:

Working in cold areas causes the person to experience cutaneous vasoconstriction where the blood supply to the lower limbs reduces leading to develop of immersion foot, reythrocyanosis and chilblains.

Explanation:

Until recently , the most widely held belief was that the disease was transmitted by direct contact between cases of leprosy and healthy persons. more recently the possibility of transmission by the respiratory route is gaining ground . there are also other possibilities such as transmission through breast milk and insects which cannot be completely ruled out. (AS PER WHO)

Explanation:

During inorganic lead poisoning the gums appears in bluish purple in color.

Explanation:

The factories Act , 1976 made recommendation to provide creches in factories where more than 30 women workers are employed.

Explanation:

ESI Act was passed in the year 1948 later it was amended in 1975 , 1984 and 1989 , recently on 1/5/2010 the ESI Act was again revised to increase the benefit for wider group employees.

Explanation:

Calculated energy requirement for 1 year child is 100kcal/kg. so total calorie intake will be approximately 1000 kcal/kg

Explanation:

Niacin deficiency results in pellagra. It is characterized by 3D’s ,Diarrhoea, Dermatitis,and Dementia

Explanation:

Kyasanur Forst Disease (KFD) is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to south asia The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, which also includes yellow fever and dengue fever .

Explanation:

The amount of ferritin in the blood is directly related to the amount of Iron stored in human body. Doctor may order this test if a client have signs or symptoms of anemia due to low iron